Modifiable behavioral risk factors for NCDs and sleep in Brazilian adolescents / Fatores de risco comportamentais modificáveis para DNT e sono em adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between modifiable behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases and sleep parameters in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that used data from the RPS Cohort Consortium, São Luís, Brazil for the follow-up of adolescents aged 18-19 years (n = 2,515). The outcomes were excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale - ESS) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - PSQI). The exposures of interest were the behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs): screen time, physical inactivity, alcohol, smoking, illicit drugs, caffeine intake, and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Excess weight was considered a possible mediator of this association between the exposures of interest and the outcomes. The models were analyzed by modeling with structural equations. RESULTS Physical inactivity (standardized coefficient, SC = 0.112; p = 0.001), higher consumption of alcohol (SC = 0.168; p = 0.019) and of sugar-sweetened beverages (SC = 0.128; p < 0.001) were associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents; better socioeconomic status was also associated with this outcome (SC = 0.128; p < 0.001). Physical inactivity (SC = 0.147; p < 0.001) and higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SC = 0.089; p = 0.003) were also associated with poor sleep quality. Overweight was neither a mediator nor associated with sleep quality or excessive daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS The main modifiable behavioral risk factors for NCDs are associated with worse sleep parameters already in adolescence, which serves as a warning toward the accumulation of risks for sleep disorders in the future.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre fatores de risco comportamentais modificáveis para doenças não transmissíveis e parâmetros do sono em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal que utilizou dados do Consórcio de Coortes RPS, São Luís, Brasil para o seguimento de adolescentes de 18-19 anos (n = 2.515). Os desfechos foram a sonolência diurna excessiva (Escala de Sonolência de Epworth - ESE) e a qualidade do sono (Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh - IQSP). As exposições de interesse foram os fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças não transmissíveis (DNT): tempo de tela, inatividade física, álcool, cigarro, drogas ilícitas, consumo de cafeína, consumo de bebidas adoçadas com açúcar. O excesso de peso foi considerado um possível mediador dessa associação entre as exposições de interesse e os desfechos. Os modelos foram analisados por modelagem com equações estruturais. RESULTADOS A inatividade física (Coeficiente padronizado, CP = 0,112; p = 0,001), maior consumo de álcool (CP = 0,168; p = 0,019) e de bebidas adoçadas com açúcar (CP = 0,128; p < 0,001) foram associados a sonolência diurna excessiva nos adolescentes; a melhor situação socioeconômica também foi associada a este desfecho (CP = 0,128; p < 0,001). A inatividade física (CP = 0,147; p < 0,001) e o maior consumo de bebidas adoçadas com açúcar (CP = 0,089; p = 0,003) também se associaram com a qualidade do sono ruim. O excesso de peso não foi mediador e nem associado à qualidade do sono ou à sonolência diurna excessiva. CONCLUSÕES Os principais fatores de risco comportamentais modificáveis para DNT estão associados a piores parâmetros do sono já na adolescência; alertando para um quadro de acúmulos de riscos para distúrbios de sono no futuro.

Do childhood depressive symptoms interfere with intelligence in adulthood? / Sintomas depressivos na infância interferem na inteligência na idade adulta?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of depressive symptoms in childhood on the intellectual development of young adults. METHODS Study conducted with a birth cohort of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, composed of 339 participants evaluated between 7 and 9 years and between 18 and 19 years. Structural equation modeling (young adult education, sex, race/color) and childhood variables (nutritional status, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, head of household's and mother's education, family income) were used. In addition, head of household's occupation, mother's age, and presence of partner were tested as determinants of adults' intelligence quotient (IQ). RESULTS Presence of depressive symptoms in childhood triggered a reduction of 0.342 in standard deviation (SD) and -3.83 points in the average IQ of adults (p-value < 0.001). Cognitive function in childhood had a total and direct positive effect (standardized coefficient [SC] = 0.701; p-value < 0.001) on IQ, increasing 7.84 points with each increase in level. A positive indirect effect of child nutritional status (SC = 0.194; p-value = 0.045), head of household's (SC = 0.162; p-value = 0.036), and mother's education was identified, the latter mediated by cognitive function in childhood (SC = 0.215; p-value = 0.012) on the IQ of young people. CONCLUSION Presence of depressive symptoms in childhood triggered a long-term negative effect on intelligence, reducing the IQ score in adulthood.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar os efeitos dos sintomas depressivos na infância no desenvolvimento intelectual do adulto jovem. MÉTODOS Estudo realizado com uma coorte de nascimentos de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, composta por 339 participantes avaliados entre 7 e 9 anos e entre 18 e 19 anos. Utilizou-se modelagem de equações estruturais (escolaridade do adulto jovem, sexo, raça/cor) e variáveis da infância (estado nutricional, sintomas depressivos, função cognitiva, escolaridade do chefe da família e da mãe, renda familiar). Além disso, ocupação do chefe da família, idade da mãe e presença de companheiro foram testadas como determinantes do quociente de inteligência (QI) dos adultos. RESULTADOS A presença de sintomas depressivos na infância gerou redução de 0,342 no desvio-padrão (DP) e -3,83 pontos no QI médio dos adultos (valor de p < 0,001). A função cognitiva na infância apresentou efeito total e direto positivo (coeficiente padronizado [CP] = 0,701; valor de p < 0,001) sobre o QI, elevando 7,84 pontos a cada aumento do nível. Identificou-se efeito indireto positivo do estado nutricional infantil (CP = 0,194; valor de p = 0,045), escolaridade do chefe da família (CP = 0,162; valor de p = 0,036) e da mãe da criança, este último mediado pela função cognitiva na infância (CP = 0,215; valor de p = 0,012) sobre o QI dos jovens. CONCLUSÃO A presença de sintomas depressivos na infância gerou efeito negativo de longo prazo sobre a inteligência, reduzindo a pontuação do QI na idade adulta.

Effect of early determinants on adolescent fat-free mass: RPS cohort of São Luís - MA

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of early determinants on adolescent fat-free mass. METHODS: A cohort study with 579 adolescents evaluated at birth and adolescence in a birth cohort in São Luís, Maranhão. In the proposed model, estimated by structural equation modeling, socioeconomic status (SES) at birth, maternal age, pregestational body mass index (BMI), gestational smoking, gestational weight gain, type of delivery, gestational age, sex of the newborn, length and weight at birth, adolescent socioeconomic status, "neither study/nor work" generation, adolescent physical activity level and alcohol consumption were tested as early determinants of adolescent fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS: A higher pregestational BMI resulted in higher FFM in adolescence (Standardized Coefficient, SC = 0.152; p < 0.001). Being female implied a lower FFM in adolescence (SC = −0.633; p < 0.001). The negative effect of gender on FFM was direct (SC = −0.523; p < 0.001), but there was an indirect negative effect via physical activity level (SC = −0.085; p < 0.001). Women were less active (p < 0.001). An increase of 0.5 kg (1 Standard Deviation, SD) in birth weight led to a gain of 0.25 kg/m2 (0.106 SD) in adolescent FFM index (p = 0.034). Not studying or working had a negative effect on the adolescent's FFM (SC = −0.106; p = 0.015). Elevation of 1 SD in the adolescent's physical activity level represented an increase of 0.5 kg/m2 (0.207 SD) in FFM index (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The early determinants with the greatest effects on adolescent FFM are gender, adolescent physical activity level, pregestational BMI, birth weight and belonging to the "neither-nor" generation.

Leprosy in children under 15 years of age in a municipality in northeastern Brazil: evolutionary aspects from 2003 to 2015

Abstract INTRODUCTION The Integrated Program of Leprosy Control was initiated in 2003 in the municipality of Buriticupu, Maranhão, Brazil, an area considered hyperendemic for leprosy. Here, we present the evolution of the indicators of leprosy within the established period in children aged <15 years. METHODS: This is a descriptive study based on an active search for cases and spontaneous healthcare demand for leprosy, with an evolutionary analysis of the detection coefficient of new cases. We considered individuals aged <15 years diagnosed with leprosy from January 2003 to December 2015. To evaluate the factors associated with clinical and operational forms, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, or Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were performed. RESULTS A total of 61 new cases were detected (6.9% of the total leprosy cases diagnosed in the municipality during the study period), and the majority was found in males (62.3%). The most frequent operational classification was paucibacillary (67.2%), and this association increased with age. The tuberculoid clinical form was the most prevalent in both sexes and in the age range of 10 to <15 years. There was a reduction in the detection coefficient from 21.84/100,000 inhabitants in 2003 to 2.79/100,000 in 2015. CONCLUSIONS Despite the progress in the control of leprosy, this historical series shows that it is necessary to strengthen educational measures and implement control actions, so that the disease ceases to be a public health problem in the population aged <15 years.

Aleitamento materno complementado e fatores associados: coorte de nascimento brisa / Supplemented breastfeeding and associated factors: brazilian birth cohort studies / Lactancia materna complementada y sus factores asociados: cohorte de nacimiento de brisa

Apesar dos avanços, as taxas de aleitamento materno complementado antes dos seis meses de vida ainda são altas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de aleitamento materno complementado e analisar seus fatores associados em uma coorte de nascimento realizada em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal utilizando os dados da Coorte de Nascimentos BRISA (Brazilian Birth Cohort Studies). Para analisar os fatores associados ao desfecho de aleitamento materno complementar foi construído um modelo teórico hierarquizado no qual as variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, de assistência pré-natal e reprodutivas, além de características da criança, foram divididas em três níveis. Realizou-se então a regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância bivariada e multivariada a fim de estimar as razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança não ajustados e ajustados, utilizando o programa estatístico STATA 14.0. Na amostra, de 3.107 crianças avaliadas, 60,4% das mães relataram realizar aleitamento materno complementado antes dos seis meses de vida. Obteve-se como fatores de risco para o aleitamento complementado não ter realizado pré- -natal (RP 1,32; IC95% 1,09-1,60), usar chupeta atualmente (RP 1,38; IC95% 1,30-1,47) ou já ter usado (RP 1,28; IC95% 1,15-1,41) e ser pré-termo (RP 1,11; IC95% 1,03-1,20). Assim, conclui-se que a prevalência de aleitamento materno complementado acompanha a média nacional, podendo-se identificar os fatores associados em São Luís, o que permite traçar intervenções e ações mais eficientes em Saúde Pública.

Despite advancements in this field, supplemented breastfeeding rates before the six months of life are still high. This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence of supplemented breastfeeding and analyzed its associated factors in a birth cohort in São Luís, Maranhão, with use of data from the Brazilian Birth Cohort Studies (BRISA). To analyze the factors associated with the outcome of supplementary breastfeeding, a hierarchical theoretical model was constructed in which socioeconomic and demographic variables, prenatal and reproductive care, and child characteristics were divided into three levels. Poisson regression was performed with robust adjustment of the bivariate and multivariate variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective unadjusted and adjusted confidence intervals using the statistics program STATA 14.0. Out of the 3.107 children evaluated, 60.4% of mothers reported completing breastfeeding before the child had six months. The following risk factors for supplementary breastfeeding were found: not undergoing prenatal care (PR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.60), child currently using pacifier (PR 1.38, 95% CI 1.30-1.47), having previously used one (RP 1.28, 95% CI 1.15-1.41), and being preterm (RP 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.20). The prevalence of supplementary breastfeeding follows the national average and the associated factors can be identified in São Luís. This allows for a more effective intervention and actions in Public Health.

A pesar de los avances, las tasas de lactancia materna complementadas antes de los seis meses de vida siguen siendo altas. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la lactancia materna complementada y analizar sus factores asociados en una cohorte de nacimiento en São Luís (MA, Brasil). Es un estudio transversal que utiliza datos de la cohorte de nacimiento de BRISA (Brazilian Birth Cohort Studies). Para analizar los factores asociados con el resultado de la lactancia materna complementaria, se construyó un modelo teórico jerárquico en el que las variables socioeconómicas y demográficas, la atención prenatal y reproductiva y las características del niño se dividieron en tres niveles. La regresión de Poisson se realizó con un ajuste robusto de la varianza bivariada y multivariada para estimar los índices de prevalencia (RP) y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza no ajustados y ajustados utilizando el programa estadístico STATA 14.0. En la muestra de 3107 niños evaluados, el 60,4% de las madres informaron haber completado la lactancia antes de los seis meses. Los factores de riesgo para la lactancia materna complementada fueron: no haber realizado atención prenatal (PR 1,32, IC95% 1,09-1,60), usar chupete actualmente (PR 1,38, IC95% 1,30-1,47) o ya haberlo usado (RP 1,28, IC 95% 1,15-1,41) y ser prematuros (RP 1,11, IC 95% 1,03-1,20). Se concluye que la prevalencia de la lactancia materna complementada acompaña al promedio nacional y los factores asociados se pueden identificar en São Luís, lo que permite la elaboración de intervenciones y acciones más efectivas en salud pública.

Factors associated with leprosy in a municipality of the Pre-Amazon region, state of Maranhão, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Integrated Program of Leprosy Control was initiated in the municipality of Buriticupu, Maranhão, Brazil, an area considered hyperendemic for leprosy in 2003. It aims at assessing the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease to reduce the detection rate of new cases until 2015. Here, we present the evolution of the indicators of leprosy within the period from 2003 to 2015. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive analytical study based on the active search for and voluntary referral of cases of leprosy. The detection rate of new cases was analyzed over time. We included individuals diagnosed with leprosy between January 2003 and December 2015. The association between categorical variables was assessed using the chi-square test of independence, considering a level of significance of 5%. When the association was significant, the detection rate (with a confidence interval of 95%) was calculated. RESULTS: Overall, 879 new leprosy cases were detected; the majority of the affected individuals were men (65.9%). Multibacillary leprosy was the most common type of the disease, according to the operational classification (55.5%); it showed the strongest association with an age ≥60 years. We also detected an association between the male sex and both, lepromatous and multibacillary leprosy. The detection rate reduced from 211.09/100,000 population in 2003 to 50.26/100,000 population in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: We found an improvement in leprosy control, with a reduction in the detection rate and the absolute number of cases. Strengthening of disease control measures should be prioritized to eliminate leprosy as a public health concern in this municipality.

Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and birth weight in the BRISA cohort

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy on the baby's birth weight. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with 5,024 mothers and their newborns using a Brazilian birth cohort study. In the proposed model, estimated by structural equation modeling, we tested socioeconomic status, age, marital status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking habit and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, hypertension and gestational diabetes, gestational weight gain, and type of delivery as determinants of the baby's birth weight. RESULTS For a gain of 4 kg/m2 (1 Standard Deviation [SD]) in pre-pregnancy body mass index, there was a 0.126 SD increase in birth weight, corresponding to 68 grams (p < 0.001). A 6 kg increase (1 SD) in gestational weight gain represented a 0.280 SD increase in newborn weight, correponding to 151.2 grams (p < 0.001). The positive effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index on birth weight was direct (standardized coefficient [SC] = 0.202; p < 0.001), but the negative indirect effect was small (SC = -0.076, p < 0.001) and partially mediated by the lower weight gain during pregnancy (SC = -0.070, p < 0.001). The positive effect of weight gain during pregnany on birth weight was predominantly direct (SC = 0.269, p < 0.001), with a small indirect effect of cesarean delivery (SC = 0.011; p < 0.001). Women with a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index gained less weight during pregnancy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The effect of gestational weight gain on the increase in birth weight was greater than that of pre-pregnancy body mass index.

Qualidade de vida de pessoas com pé diabético / Quality of life of people with diabetic foot

Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pessoas com pé diabético e sua associação com idade e sexo. Métodos:estudo transversal realizado com pessoas com pé diabético atendidas na clínica vascular de um hospitalmunicipal. Foram utilizados questionários sociodemográfico, clínico, de estilo de vida e de avaliação de qualidadede vida SF-36. Resultados: amostra de 48 pessoas, maioria idosa (58,4%), sexo feminino (56,3%), não tabagista(93,7%), não etilista (83,4%), com reincidência das úlceras (50,0%), secreção presente (54,2%) e odor fétidoausente (81,3%). Quanto à qualidade de vida, o melhor resultado foi no domínio vitalidade e pior no domínioaspectos físicos. Todos os domínios, exceto a vitalidade, apresentaram escore abaixo de 50 na mensuração daqualidade de vida. Não houve diferença significante na comparação da qualidade de vida entre faixas etárias esexo. Conclusão: os participantes apresentaram domínios de qualidade de vida que tendem a um pior estadode saúde...